My recent post on Germany’s CA surplus has received some (mostly critical) attention by Ryan Avent (The Economist) on Twitter and Andrew Watt (European Trade Union Institute) in the Social Europe Journal. Both raise fair points, but I am not convinced. Here is why.
Andrew seems to monocausally connect the CA surplus in Germany with its labor market reforms and “political pressure on collective wage bargaining system”. Economically, that is controversial to say the least. What’s more, the pressure on the wage bargaining came mostly from two sides: First, from threats of plant closures and relocation, that is, from European integration and globalization. Second, the labor market reforms made life much harder for the unemployed. This in turn made the trade unions take the unemployed into their utility function (which, as the 1990s and the destruction of Eastern Germany amply prove, they hadn’t appropriately done before).
Inequality did increase as a result, of course. Interestingly, though, Germany has only now, after these increases, reached France’s level, and the increases in Sweden and Finland were even higher. What the reforms did was to make Germany’s economy internally and externally competitive (whatever that means) and reduce unemployment. It is now working in favor of wage earners as well: the nominal wage increases were 4% last year, and 5% in manufacturing with some (BMW for instance) paying bonuses of up to 9.000 euros.
So what policies does Andrew have in mind? A minimum wage (that mostly does not exist in Germany) and reversing part of the labor market reforms. Oh well, I am fine with a reasonable minimum wage, regionally adjusted. Will that do much to Germany’s CA surplus? Almost certainly not. Non-standard employment is surely a problem, but hardly surprising after hysteresis, a hot topic these days for good reason, had ample time to work its magic – thanks to the delay in reforming labor market institutions and to the ridiculous wage increases in the 1990s. The tight labor market will do the most to boost worker’s income and consumption while the reduced unemployment will lower precautionary saving. These two are, in part, the result of the unpopular reform and adjustment efforts.
What about the claim that German policy makers defend the CA surplus? I think they are opposing policies that would cost Germany, and this brings us to Ryan and his remarks on Twitter. He claims that Germany is unwilling to shoulder its share of the adjustment costs. Fair enough.
One policy, as Matthew Yglesias suggested via Twitter, could be to lower VAT in Germany and increase debt, a reverse fiscal devaluation if you want. That is certainly not in Germany’s own interest, as the economy is already running close to potential and Germany has enough debt as it is. But it would further raise Germany’s wages and help the periphery. Needless to say, easing monetary policy has the same effect without the increase in debt and without having to adjust wages downwards again after the additional stimulus runs out. This is also why I am surprised that Andrew writes this:
Kantoos is an astute observer of Germany and the euro area. But while I agree with much of this blog post, I am surprised that he (or she) appears to fall for the official discourse which is that competitive rebalancing must come from radical attacks on labour market and wage-setting institutions in deficit countries …
No, my opinion has always been that monetary policy needs to facilitate rebalancing, by allowing higher inflation so that German wages can grow faster, but without hurting the German economy. That would be the most effective, easiest and economically most sensible solution. And this is in quite a stark contrast to the official position of the German policy makers.
What else? A better policy than just lowering VAT to overheat the German economy would be to at least direct the overheating in useful ways. For instance, Germany could bring infrastructure investment forward. Liberalizing professional services (no, not shop opening hours, Andrew) might help to increase some useful domestic investment, too, but I am not sure it works too well in an already tight labor market. Worth a shot, though.
What I find interesting about all this is that the crisis should teach us not to let one part overheat and the other decline. We should try to manage the macroeconomy better and to contain regional overheating to prevent a collapse in the future. This is somewhat at odds with all the policy proposals above. Is that a problem?
Germany needs to be careful to prevent a property bubble, or a credit-fuelled boom, as well as a government consumption spree. And the German policy makers are alert. As long as investment takes place in productive companies or in areas where the investment is just brought forward (infrastructure, energy efficiency), I think we are reasonably fine. However, artificially overheating the German economy (beyond what will happen anyway) is still a cost to the German economy in the future. You might argue that Germany should do it nonetheless out of solidarity. That’s fine. But don’t phrase it as though it is in Germany’s interest.
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